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June 2002-January 2005Interactive Dig at Tiwanaku
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The winter solstice sunset through the Kalasasaya Gateway seen from the semi-subterranean temple's staircase

Photos courtesy Alexei Vranich. Click on images for larger versions.
by Leonardo Benitez

Archaeoastronomy: August 3, 2004

My work this season was geared toward confirming or disproving many of the celestial alignments attributed to Tiwanaku's monumental architecture, and I primarily focused on the semi-subterranean temple and the Kalasasaya. My preliminary conclusion is that a semi-subterranean temple built around 100 B.C. was oriented to stellar alignments (see reconstruction), in particular the Southern Cross and Antares (or Korikala in Aymara), the brightest star of the Scorpio constellation.

The Kalasasaya, as has been identified by earlier archaeoastronomical work, does appear to have been a temple oriented to the movements of the sun. The architectural remains of the temple pinpoint the solstices, equinoxes, zenith, and nadir passages with astonishing accuracy. However, the most interesting alignment I recorded this season was that the pillars of the Kalasasaya's western balcony wall appear to mark a solar calendar based on the setting positions of the sun.

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